All light armor offers protection based on your Dexterityability base . Light armor does not offer resistance to any damage type, but also does not slow you down, and has a much lower armor check penalty than heavy armor.
Leather armor offers some protection against weapon attacks, but requires proficiency to gain any real defensive advantage from wearing it.
Hide armor offers slightly better protection than leather, but is somewhat heavy, imparting a slight penalty to certain skill checks. If you do not have proficiency in light armor, you grant advantage while wearing Hide, and cannot gain advantage.
Heavy furs are a modification of hide armor used in colder climates to protect against frostbite and chill. The addition of heavy gloves and bundles of fur-lined cloth grant resistance to cold, at the loss of manual dexterity and vulnerability to heat. If you do not have proficiency in light armor, you grant advantage while wearing furs, and cannot gain advantage.